Vermont, November 1, 2012. Most waterbodies marking a boundary between two states or countries have an imaginary dotted line running down their middle. The Connecticut River does not because as everyone ‘knows’ the river belongs to New Hampshire. However, as with all things human, the real circumstances are more complicated. The reality about river ownership started with the original land grants from England, modified during the time of the American Revolution with the present day boundary set by a US Supreme Court decision.
The English grants set the boundary between then New York and New Hampshire as the western bank of the river. Soon after Vermont declared her independence and the signing of the Declaration of Independence occurred, community leaders in 22 NH towns (Chesterfield up to Haverhill) persuaded their fellow townspeople to secede from NH. They were convinced that the actions of the Crown were no longer the law and they wanted to eliminate the river as a jurisdictional boundary. A convention of river towns from both states met in Cornish, NH to consider forming a state called “New Connecticut” as many of the settlers migrated to the valley from eastern Connecticut. Instead, in 1778, the NH towns joined the Vermont Republic and the river was no longer a boundary.
NH leaders tried to appease the rebels with political appointments and support for the idea of annexing VT river towns into NH. When these approaches failed, NH asked the Continental Congress to settle the dispute making it clear that unless Congress returned the towns, NH would no longer contribute to the war effort. NH then took stronger measures and threatened to send 1,000 soldiers westward to the valley, ostensibly to protect against Indians and the British but in reality to take back the towns VT annexed.
In 1782, prodded by a letter from George Washington critical of VT’s actions, Congressional actions, and the threat of a 1,000 man army headed its way; Vermont did a sudden about face. VT’s Assembly voted to renounce jurisdiction over all towns east of the river and any claim to jurisdiction east of the west side of the river beginning at the low-water mark. The river was a state boundary again and NH got it all.
Vermont attempted to assert a claim over half the river and invited NH to appoint commissions to settle the boundary in 1792, 1794 and 1830. NH offered no response to the first two invitations and a flat out NO to the last one.
In1915, Vermont sued in the US Supreme Court asking to establish the boundary between the states as the thread (deepest part) of the Connecticut River. VT said it held title to the thread by virtue of English common law and since VT joined the Union as a sovereign state, her boundaries were those she self-established and the thread of the river was her eastern boundary.
The Vermont suit did not daunt NH at all. NH cross-filed with the Court to acquire jurisdiction of that narrow width of land on the VT shore between the low and high water mark.
The Court found that by passing the 1782 Resolution VT had relinquished any claim to jurisdiction east of the VT shore beginning at the low-water mark. The low-water mark was further defined as “the point to which the river recedes at its lowest stage without reference to extreme droughts.”
As to the NH claim on the land between the high and low water marks, the Court found that even if NH had authority over the river there would be, “insurmountable difficulty, in attempting to draw any other line than the low-water mark.” Therefore, in 1934 the US Supreme Court decided that NH got its river and VT got its shore land.
State Line marker on Vernon dam
A Court Master surveyed the boundary and placed 4-inch brass disk markers at the survey points. Still on the land today, they form a necklace at 112 locations from Vernon, VT up river to the 45th parallel where the river crosses into NH entirely. Each marker gives the distance from the marker along a compass heading to the actual low water boundary. VT and NH law requires that the boundary line “shall be perambulated and markers and bounds renewed wherever necessary.” VT law prescribes that the perambulation take place “once in every seven years.”
State Line marker on Vernon dam
The Court even foresaw power dams on the main river. Their decision said that the surveyed low water mark would be, “unaffected by improvements on the river.” The reservoirs behind the dams have now submerged the natural low water point but the original surveyed locations remain the border although in some cases the boundary is more than one hundred feet off the VT shore.
That is a brief history of how it is that VT owns any part of the Connecticut River. That history has and does create some understandable human puzzlement about jurisdiction over the river. Of course, given that rivers do not care about political jurisdictions, the Connecticut River is not puzzled at all.
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David L. Deen is River Steward for the Connecticut River Watershed Council. CRC is celebrating 60 years as a protector of the Connecticut River.
